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On moving from left to right across a period, the metallic character of the elements gradually decreases and non-metallic character gradually increases, till in the 18th group it becomes a noble gas.On moving from left to right across a period, the atomic size of the elements decreases in groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and then suddenly increases.On moving from left to right across a period, the valency of elements with respect to oxygen increases in groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and then it is zero in group 18.On moving from left to right across a period, the valency of elements with respect to hydrogen increases in group 1, 2, 13, and 14 and decreases in the groups 15, 16 and 17 till it is zero in group 18.On moving from left to right across a period, the number of electrons in the valence shell increases by one in groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18.They are kept outside the Periodic Table to mark their peculiar properties. They are inner transition elements from atomic number 89 (Actinium) to atomic number 103 (Lawrencium).The number of the period to which an element belongs is given by the number of the outermost shell (quantum number).The number of elements in a period corresponds to the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in one shell of the element.There are seven periods in all, such that each period has consecutive (or continuous) atomic numbers.Elements, the outermost shell as well as the shell next to the outermost shell (penultimate shell) are incomplete.The elements in group 3 to group 12 are called transition elements.They have 8 electrons in their valence shell, except helium, which has 2 electrons in the valence shell. The elements in group 18 are known as noble gases or inert gases.In these elements, all the inner shells are completely filled with electrons, except the outermost shell which is incomplete. The normal elements are Sometimes called representative elements.
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Groups 1, 2 and 13 to 17 contain normal elements.Group 1 is on the extreme left-hand side and group 18 on the extreme right-hand side of the periodic table.There are 18 groups in the long form of the periodic table.In the long form of the periodic table, the elements are arranged in groups and periods on the basis of the electronic configuration of elements.Ĭharacteristic of the Long form of the Periodic Table.of elements placed in a particular period depends upon the fact that how electrons are filled into various shells.
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Each period marks a new electronic shell getting filled.
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Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number.Ītomic Number: denoted by Z and equals to the no. Modern Periodic Law: Given by Henry Moosley in 1913.